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He was offered different breech-loading single-shot rifles since most nations were discarding them in favor of new smokeless bolt-action rifles. In his letters to GalicanoвЂ…Apacible, MarianoвЂ…Ponce also sought weapons from both domestic and international dealers in the EmpireвЂ…ofвЂ…Japan. The first batch arrived while the second batch never did. Two batches of 2,000 rifles each including ammunition were ordered and paid for. Moreover, while in Hong Kong, EmilioвЂ…Aguinaldo purchased rifles from the Americans. The service rifles of the nascent army were the SpanishвЂ…M93 and the Spanish RemingtonвЂ…RollingвЂ…BlockвЂ…rifle.

Most of its weapons were captured from the Spanish, were improvised or were traditional weapons.

The Filipinos were short on modern weapons.

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Aguinaldo adopted guerilla tactics on November 13, 1899, dissolving what remained of the regular army and after many of his crack units were decimated in set-piece battles. Even AntonioвЂ…Luna urged ApolinarioвЂ…Mabini, Aguinaldo's chief adviser, to convince the President that guerrillaвЂ…warfare must be announced as early as April 1899. When the PhilippineвЂ“AmericanвЂ…War erupted on February 4, 1899, the Filipino army suffered heavy losses on every sector. ДЄguinaldo, a month after he declared Philippine independence, created a pay scale for officers in the army: Following the board, a brigadier general would receive 600 pesos annually, and a sergeant 72 pesos. Orders and circulars were issued covering matters such as building trenches and fortifications, equipping every male aged 15 to 50 with bows and arrows (as well as boloвЂ…knives, though officers wielded European swords), enticing Filipino soldiers in the Spanish army to defect, collecting empty cartridges for refilling, prohibiting unplanned sorties, inventories of captured arms and ammunition, fundraising, purchasing of arms and supplies abroad, unification of military commands, and exhorting the rich to give aid to the soldiers. Soldiers and junior officers wore straw hats while senior officers often wore peaked caps. Infantry officers wore blue pants with a black stripe down the side, while Cavalry officers wore red trousers with black stripes. At least one researcher has postulated that Juan Luna may have patterned the tunic after the English NorfolkвЂ…jacket, since the Filipino version is not a copy of any Spanish-pattern uniform. His brother, General AntonioвЂ…Luna commissioned him with the task and personally paid for the new uniforms. Juan Luna also designed the collar insignia for the uniforms, distinguishing between the services: infantry, cavalry, artillery, sappers, and medics. Filipino artist JuanвЂ…Luna is credited with this design.

Rules and regulations were laid down for the reorganization of the army, along with the regulation of ranks and the adoption of new fighting methods, new rank insignias, and a new standard uniform known as the rayadillo. The revolutionary army used the 1896 edition of the Spanish regular army's Ordenanza del EjГ©rcito to organize its forces and establish its character as a modern army. See also: MilitaryвЂ…historyвЂ…ofвЂ…theвЂ…Philippines and ListвЂ…ofвЂ…weaponsвЂ…ofвЂ…theвЂ…PhilippineвЂ…revolution